Jane's - The Technology Of Tanks, eBooki, Historia, Militaria, JANE'S DEFENSE
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Technology
of Tanks
I
Richard M Ogorkiewicz
JANE'S INFORMATION GROUP
SRichard M Ogorkiewicz
Published in the United Kingdom in 1991 by
Jane's Information Group Limited
Sentinel House
163 Brighton Road
Coulsdon
Surrey CR5 2NX
ISBN 0-7106-0595-1
Distributed in the Philippines and the USA and its
dependencies by Jane's Information Group Inc.
1340 Braddock'Place. Suite 300. PO Box 1436
Alexandria. Virginia 22313-2036
Jane's
is a registered trade mark.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
retrieval systems or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the Publisher.
Licences, particularly for use of the data in databases or local area networks are
available on application to the Publishers. Infringements of any of the above
rights will be liable to prosecution under UK or US civil or criminal law.
Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of this publication to ensure
its accuracy at the time of going to press, the Publishers cannot be held
responsible for any errors or omissions or any loss arising therefrom.
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by Biddies Limited
Guildford and King's Lynn
Contents
Preface
1
Outline of the Evolution of Tanks to 1945
. I
Origins of Tanks
I
.2
The First Tanks
3
.3
Use of Tanks during during and after the First World War ..
7
.4
Evolution of Tanks from 1918 to 1939
11
.5
Development of Tanks during the Second World War
18
.6
References
26
.7
Selected Bibliography
28
2
Development of Tanks since 1945
2.1
General Trend
30
2.2
Soviet Tanks
33
2.3
British Tanks
36
2.4
French Tanks
41
2.5
United States Tanks
45
2.6
German Tanks
53
2.7
Swedish, Swiss and Israeli Tanks
56
2.8
Japanese, South Korean and Brazilian Tanks
60
2.9
References
63
2.10 Selected Bibliography
65
3 Tank Guns and Ammunition
3.1
Evolution of Conventional Rifled Guns
66
3.2
Low Pressure Guns
71
3.3
Smooth Bore Guns
73
3.4
AP, APCR and APDS Ammunition
76
3.5
APFSDS Ammunition
79
3.6
Shaped Charge Ammunition
83
3.7
High Explosive Ammunition
86
Contents
3.8
Liquid Propellant Guns
38
3.9
Electromagnetic Guns
91
3.10 Electrothermal Guns
94
3.11 References
96
3.12 Selected Bibliography
97
Ballistics and Mechanics of Tank Guns
4.1
Internal Ballistics
98
4.2
Propellants
104
4.3
External Ballistics
106
4.4
Terminal Ballistics
107
4.5
Penetration by Shaped Charges
113
4.6
Recoil Forces
117
4.7
Automatic Loading Systems
120
4.8
References
"
125
4.9
Selected Bibliography
126
Vision and Sighting Systems
5.1
Target Acquisition
127
5.2
Unit Power Devices
127
5.3
High Power Periscopes in Rotatable Cupolas
130
5.4
Panoramic Periscopes
132
5.5
Fixed Commanders' Sights
136
5.6
Gunners' Sights
137
5.7
Gunner's Auxiliary Sights
144
5.8
Electro-Optical and Radar Systems
145
5.9
References
148
Illuminating and Night Vision Systems
6.1
Tank-Mounted Searchlights
149
6.2
Illuminating Shells and Bombs
151
6.3
Active Infrared Systems
153
6.4
Image Intensifies
156
6.5
Low Light Level Television
165
6.6
Thermal Imaging Systems
161
6.7
References
163
Fire Control Systems
7.1
Evolution of Fire Control Systems
165
7.2
Ballistic and Stadiametric Range-Finding
169
7.3
Optical Rangefmders
172
7.4
Laser Rangefmders
174
7.5
Hit Probability
178
7.6
Reaction Time and Automatic Tracking
181
7.7
Threat Warning Systems
184
7.8
Burst, Ripple and'Salvo Fire
186
7.9
References
188
Contents
vii
8 Gun Control Systems
8.1
Development of Gun Control Equipment
190
8.2
Electric and Hydraulic Power Drives
193
8.3
Stabilisation of Guns and Turrets
197
8.4
Stabilised Sights and Director-Type Systems
200
8.5
References
204
9 Guided Weapons
9.1
Development of Anti-Tank Guided Missiles
206
9.2
Guided Missiles versus Tank Guns
210
9.3
Installation of Guided Missiles in Armoured Vehicles
215
9.4
Gun-Launched Missiles
219
9.5
Guided Projectiles
221
9.6
References
222
10 Mobility of Tanks
10.1 Strategic Mobility
223
10.3 Battlefield Mobility
226
10.4 Power, Speed and Rolling Resistance
227
10.5 Acceleration and Agility
229
10.6 Crossing of Water Obstacles
233
10.7 References
238
11 Tank Engines
11.1 Spark-Ignition Piston Engines
240
11.3 Air versus Liquid-Cooled Engines
244
11.4 Adoption of Diesel Engines
247
11.5 Fuel Consumption and Combustion of Diesel Engines
249
11.6 Supercharging of Diesel Engines
252
11.7 High Specific Output Diesel Engines
255
11.8 Thermally Insulated Diesel Engines
258
11.9 Gas Turbines
258
11.10 Hybrid Power Units
262
11.11 Rotary Engines
264
11.12 References
266
12 Tank Transmissions
12-1 Propulsion Gears
269
12.2 Transmissions with Hydrokinetic Torque Converters
270
12.5 Types of Steering Mechanisms
275
12.6 Evolution of Steering Systems
286
12.7 Hydrostatic and Hydromechanical Transmissions
300
10.2 Operational Mobility
225
11.2 Twin-Engine Power Units
243
12.3 Steering of Tracked Vehicles
274
12.4 Mechanics of Skid Steering
279
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